Salmon contains cholesterol, which is needed to make hormones, and is a good source of anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E. One randomized controlled trial showed supplementation with fish oil and vitamin E resulted in significant reduction in menstrual pain compared with placebo or either supplement alone. Another review of 11 studies found a decreased risk for endometriosis with consumption of omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, fish oil may help lower production of stress hormones, which in turn may help decrease side effects associated with elevated cortisol levels, like fatigue. Additionally, the protein and healthy fats found in salmon digest slowly, which means you’re more likely to feel satisfied for longer after a meal with salmon. This helps to keep blood sugar—and insulin—balanced, which means more stable energy levels. Additionally, in regard to leptin (the hormone that signals fullness), protein helps increase leptin sensitivity, or how effective your body is at picking up on those fullness cues. This is helpful when it comes to losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight, as the more in-tune you are with your fullness cues, the less likely you are to eat more calories than your body needs.

Once our bodies use hormones, they have to get rid of them. Like most things in the body, the liver works to metabolize (or break down) the hormones and they get excreted in the urine and stool. Artichokes have long been praised for their support of liver function. The liver does a good job of “detoxing” the body on its own, but including artichokes as part of a healthy diet can be beneficial to overall health. Artichokes are also high in fiber, with one medium artichoke containing 7 grams of fiber (for reference, it’s recommended that we eat about 25 to 38 grams of fiber a day). Fiber helps bind to and remove excess hormones via the gastrointestinal tract. A high-fiber diet has been associated with lower hormone levels, which may be helpful in the case of high hormone levels—think high cortisol levels from chronic stress or high estrogen levels which may increase breast cancer risk in some individuals. On the other hand, if you’re dealing with low hormone levels, it’s best to eat a diet with moderate amounts of fiber rather than exceeding the daily recommended amount. Additionally, fiber works in similar ways as protein and fat, as it’s digested slowly. So including fiber-rich foods at meals can further help balance energy levels throughout the day.

Fresh herbs such as basil, parsley, oregano and thyme and aromatics like garlic, ginger and turmeric not only help make your meals taste delicious, but they also contain potent phytochemicals that may have many benefits for health. Rosemary may block the production of DHT, the hormone responsible for hair loss. One study found rosemary oil to be as effective as minoxidil (also known by the brand name Rogaine) at promoting hair growth. Spearmint tea may also help lower androgens in those with PCOS, which helps with symptoms such as acne, hair loss and hirsutism (excess facial or body hair).

Shellfish and crustaceans—think shrimp, scallops and clams—are abundant in the Mediterranean diet. Shellfish, besides being a good source of lean protein, are one of the densest sources of minerals such as selenium, zinc and iodine. Selenium and zinc are crucial to thyroid function (our thyroid gland plays a major role in metabolism, weight management and body temperature), and iodine is a key component of thyroid hormone. Like salmon, shellfish also contain anti-inflammatory omega-3s, albeit in much lower amounts. Unless you have a diagnosed thyroid condition, chances are your thyroid and its hormones are working fine. If you do have a diagnosed thyroid condition, like hypo- or hyperthyroidism, or if you have a family history of thyroid disease, including selenium, zinc and iodine-rich foods in your diet may be beneficial for thyroid and overall health (consult with your doctor; medication is the first line of treatment for thyroid conditions). Besides shellfish and crustaceans, foods like cereals, dairy products and salt, are now fortified with these three nutrients to help ensure you meet the requirement. Additionally, seafood that’s higher in the omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), like mussels, salmon, tuna, mackerel and anchovies, can be an excellent source of tryptophan. Tryptophan is an amino acid (which is a building block of protein) that supports the production of melatonin, or the “sleep hormone”.

Nuts and seeds are nutrient-dense foods that contain a wide range of phytonutrients, minerals (such as selenium and zinc, which are important for hormone production) and vitamins (including B vitamins, which are necessary for hormone metabolism, or how hormones are used, broken down and excreted). Some seeds, in particular, have been linked to improved hormone health. Flaxseed contains lignans, which are a phytoestrogen, or plant-based estrogen-like substance that is much weaker than the estrogens we make in our bodies. Benefits of flax on hormones include longer luteal phase (the second half of the menstrual cycle, from ovulation to the start of the next period), reduction in cyclical breast pain and lowering estrogen and testosterone in postmenopausal individuals at risk for breast cancer. Also, flaxseeds contain fiber (about 2 grams per ground tablespoon).

Unless you have a diagnosed hormone condition, chances are your hormones are where they need to be. That being said, small hormone irregularities may cause symptoms like low energy, sleep trouble and difficulty losing weight. Generally speaking, our hormones—and our bodies as a whole—are the happiest with a balanced diet, like what you see in a Mediterranean-style eating pattern, in addition to adequate sleep and a low-stress environment. Focus on incorporating more of these healthy foods into your weekly rotation, tweak your nighttime routine to promote better sleep and do what you can to decrease sources of stress in your life. And as always, be sure to talk to your primary care doctor or a dietitian if your symptoms are persistent.